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Artyom Alikhanian
Artyom Isahaki (Isaakovich) Alikhanian ((アルメニア語:Արտեմ Ալիխանյան) (ロシア語:Артём Исаакович Алиханьян), 24 June 1908 – 25 February 1978) was a Soviet Armenian physicist, one of the founders and first director of the Yerevan Physics Institute, a correspondent member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946), academic of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. With Pyotr Kapitsa, Lev Landau, Igor Kurchatov, Abraham Alikhanov and others, he laid the foundations of nuclear physics in the Soviet Union.〔 He is known as the "father of Armenian physics".〔(Artem Alikhanian: the father of Armenian physics ), ''CERN Courier'', Vol. 48, N. 6, 2008, p. 41〕
==Biography==
Artem Alikhanian was born in Elizavetpol, Russian Empire, to an Armenian family of a railway engineer and homemaker.〔Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present: A-C, by Brigham Narins, Gale Group, 2001, p. 27〕 He worked as a waiter and a newspaper seller. Alikhanian did not attend school regularly; initially he was mostly schooled at home but later he received an external degree from ''Tiflis school № 100''. In 1930, before he graduated from Leningrad State University, he became a staff-member at Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute working together with his elder brother Abraham Alikhanov. Before World War II, they carried out fundamental investigations of beta-decay, discovered the internal conversion of gamma rays and confirmed experimentally the energy conservation in positron annihilation.〔Artem Alikhanian, Cosnews journal, #11, May 1978〕 During the siege of Leningrad, Alikhanian and some of his colleagues were excused from full-time defence work in order to work on the design of a synchrocyclotron - the accelerator which was eventually constructed in Dubna in 1955.〔Our fragile world: challenges and opportunities for sustainable development, Том 2. Mostafa Kamal Tolba, 2001, p. 1101〕 For their investigations both brothers (without being Communist party members) were awarded the USSR State Prize. In 1942 they initiated a scientific mission on Mt. Aragats in order to search for the third (proton) component of cosmic rays. They found so called narrow showers in cosmic rays and established the first evidence of the existence in cosmic rays of the particles with masses between that of a muon and proton. In 1948 A. Alikhanov and A. Alikhanian again were awarded the USSR State Prize for the investigation of cosmic rays. After they founded a cosmic ray station on Aragats at an altitude of 3250 m, the two brothers participated in the foundation of the Armenian Academy of Sciences and established the Yerevan Physics Institute in 1943. A. Alikhanian became its Director for the next 30 years. In 1956 A. Alikhanian, A. Alikhanov and Viktor Hambartsumian initiated the creation of the Yerevan Synchrotron with 6 GeV energy of electrons.
In 1965 Harvard University invited Alikhanian to give the Loeb and Lee lectures in Physics.〔(The Loeb and Lee Lectureship Funds: 1953-1990 )〕 He became the first Loeb professor of Harvard University from Europe.〔Alikhanian. Sketches, memoirs, documents, ed. M. Daion, Moscow, 2000, p. 302〕 Alikhanian was a Doctor of physical-mathematical sciences,〔''Who's who in the Socialist countries: a biographical encyclopedia'', by Borys Lewytzkyj, Juliusz Stroynowski - 1978, p. 15〕 Professor of Yerevan State University, head of the physical laboratory in the Lebedev Institute, founder and scientific supervisor of the Nuclear Physics chair in the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, founder of the high-altitude Aragats and Nor-Amberd research stations. In recognition of his scientific achievements and contribution he was awarded the "Honored Scientist of Armenian SSR" title in 1967.
For the work on wide-gap track spark chambers in 1970 A.Alikhanian together with the colleagues were awarded the Lenin Prize. Later he initiated work on x-ray transition radiation detectors.
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